The Exodus' Lessons...by Prof. Phyllis Chesler
Time is short and the Jews are, as usual, in trouble. What does the Exodus teach us about what to do? Yes, the Jews are in trouble both today and long ago, when we were slaves in Egypt. Apparently, Jews can be in trouble both as slaves and as citizens of our own Jewish state and as citizens of the world in an era in which a Jewish state exists. It's like a bad Jewish joke.
In Egypt, we are literally enslaved and we cannot save ourselves. We need God to save us --and God chooses a redeemer for us. This is how we, the "Hebrews" are pulled out of "Mitzrayim." We have many midwives who free us from the narrow place of affliction so that we can be born as God's people.
Moshe is not raised like all the other Hebrew slaves. In a memorable act of civil disobedience, Pharaoh's own daughter saves the infant who cried out. For this act of chesed, or merciful kindness, she is midrashically and rabbinically re-named
"Bat'ya", because by this act she becomes God's daughter too. Pharaoh's daughter adopts Moshe and raises him as if he is an Egyptian prince.
Moshe is a more evolved version of Yosef: someone who is both a Jew and an Egyptian. He is a Jew who knows his way around the larger, non-Jewish world--but he is also a Jew who breaks with that world with wrenching and utter finality. Ultimately, even though he has grown up away from his Jewish family, Moshe, rather paradoxically, remains close to, even dependent upon, his Jewish brother and sister, Aaraon and Miriam.
In a sense, Moshe is also the anti-Yosef. Yosef is born and reared as a Jew and remains a Jew--but he also becomes a powerful and assimilated Egyptian. Moshe is born as a Jew but is reared mainly as an Egyptian. Yosef helps Egypt store up food against a coming famine and Moshe is part of God's plan to
"spoil" Egypt and to render her bare of food, food sources, first-borns, gold, silver, and clothing which are all given or lent to the Hebrews--or are really, all back pay for the 210 years of slavery.
Still, it is Moshe-the-Egyptian who becomes miraculously Jewish and who becomes God's greatest intimate.
How do we know that Moshe is Egyptian royalty? Moshe has unlimited access to Pharaoh's palace. No one stops him when he enters. One wonders if his adoptive mother Bat'ya is still there; does she accompany him to his meetings with Pharaoh? If so, how poignant, even wrenching, because the break with Egypt , when it comes, will be dramatic and final. (Here, I am reminded of the children's film, "Prince of Egypt" in which Pharaoh is conceived of as Moshe's adoptive brother and who suffers the loss of Moshe's company and loyalty. The film constitutes an interesting midrash).
How else do we know that Moshe is an Egyptian? Moshe is recognized as an an "eesh Mitzri" in Midian where he meets and weds Yitro's daughter Zipporah. After so many years of first wandering around, (some say sixty years), can Moshe still possibly have Egyptian royal attire? Or is it how he wears his hair? Or speaks? Does he wear Egyptian jewelry?
Therefore, this much is clear: Moshe has not been enslaved. He has, in fact, been reared as a Prince. This is very important. He has not been broken by slavery. He is not afflicted with "kotzer ruach," a shortness of spirit , a lack of generosity, indeed an absence of humanity which slavery and oppression causes. He is fully entitled. (We find the phrase in Vaera 6:9 and I will return to it shortly).
Perhaps Moshe was even more arrogant than Yosef--although his alleged speech impediment speaks to us of his having also been marked by trauma, loss, "differentness." In fact, Moshe never exactly fits in anywhere except in his relationship to God and in God's plan.
In Shmot 2:11-2:12, Moshe sees, he really sees, a fellow Eyptian (
an "eesh Mitzri") beating a Hebrew slave to death. Moshe first looks around. He turns "coh v'coh," this way and that way. Some say that he is looking to see whether any other Egyptians are there watching him before he kills the Egyptian taskmaster and buries him in the sand. Others suggest that he is looking within himself as well. Who am I? Am I an Egyptian or a Hebrew? What must I do?
I do not think that Moshe is afraid of another Egyptian. He is a Prince and can possibly get away with murder. I think that Moshe does not yet understand what slavery is and can do. Moshe waits--but he sees that there is "no man" there among the Hebrews, no one who will come to his brother's aid.
On the question of Moshe's turning "coh v'coh," Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi of Mecklenburg, in his Ha-ketav Veha-kabalah, notes that "Moses thought that one of the other Hebrew slaves who were standing there would rise up against the Egyptian taskmaster and would save their brother whom he was beating to death." But he saw that there was no man." (Ain Eeesh). Moses saw that there was no "real man," no mensch ("gever b'govreen") amongst them, and no one was paying attention to the distress of his brethren to try and save him."
Moshe returns the next day and in Shmot 2:13 and 2:14 sees "shnai anashim ivrim neetzeem vayomer l'rashah lamah takeh raecha?" He sees two Hebrew slaves fighting and asks the wrong-doer why do you hit your friend/neighbor/fellow Hebrew? The evil Hebrew famously responds: "Mee samha l'eesh sar v'shofet alenu?" (Who appointed you our overseer and judge?)
This is almost a reverberation or a variation of Cain's "Hashomer ani anochi?" (Bereshit 4:9). Am I my brother's keeper? Only this time, the question is more like "Are YOU your brother's keeper? Or "Who appointed you as your brother's keeper?" "Halharganee atah omayr ca'asher hagarta et ha-mitzri?" ("Are you going to kill me the way you killed the Egyptian?")
Moshe has already decided. Yes, he IS his "brother's keeper," and with this single act, adopts the entire Jewish people as his own--just as his Egyptian adoptive mother once claimed him! Being raised Egyptian has somehow empowered him to embrace his Judaism.
Nothing here is simple. Moshe may also have learned his bravery and his knowledge of civil disobedience from his adoptive, Egyptian mother when she defied her Pharaoh-father's ruling and, rather than killing Moshe--saves him instead.
The concept of "kotzer ruach," or shortness of spirit, (heavy breathing brought about by hard labor), explains why slaves can be divided against each other and why they are loyal to their oppressors. The phrase is contained in Vaera, (6:9). There, it is given as the reason the slaves won't listen to or can't hear Moshe. This concept also explains the psychological phenomenon of internalized self-hatred or identification with the aggressor. Slaves cannot bear it when one of their own rises above the common fate. "Who does he or she think they are?"
A slave is someone who will turn on his or her own liberator. It is a working definition of a slave. They do not see a way out. If someone tells them about one--maybe it's a trick? No slave can be this powerful. No Egyptian would really risk his life to save a slave.
Pharaoh might not try to kill Moshe if he had simply killed another lower-caste Egyptian in a fit of temper. But that Moshe killed an Egyptian in order to save a Hebrew slave--that was unforgivable, even dangerous to Pharaoh. It means that despite all his privileges, that Moshe has a Jewish heart and has sided with his people. Moshe is disloyal to Pharaoh.
Now, even Moshe, the royal Prince "vayirah," he becomes frightened because "achayn nodar ha'davar" (Ah, so the matter is known).
Indeed, when Pharaoh finds out, he tries to kill Moshe. So much for Moshe's royal privilege. Who has informed Pharaoh? It could be that an Egyptian has--but when one of the Hebrew slaves addresses Moshe in a bitter, threatening voice, when the Hebrew slave takes the Egyptian side against Moshe-the-Jew--this shakes Moshe to his core and he flees.
This is why Moshe must flee Egypt, not because Pharaoh is after him but because the Hebrew slaves have challenged, mocked, and turned on him; perhaps they have also turned him in.
Now, let me turn to a few important things that are specific to the end of the story. Bo is the parasha in which God unleashes the last three plagues: locusts, darkness, and the killing of the first-born and it is the parasha in which we gain our freedom.
However, as important, we also receive our first mitzvot, or holy deeds, (12:2) not as an individual, not as a family, not even as a tribe, but as a "nation." We are given Rosh Chodesh to observe. We begin to count, and therefore control our own time, something that slaves cannot do. We are also told to observe the first Pesach, to teach it to our children, and to remember it as a festival forever after.
Here is where we are told to do so even before we leave Egypt and certainly before we receive the Torah. In this sense, Bo is an early precursor to "Na'aseh v' Nishma" which we say in Dvarim and partly say while standing at Sinai. "We will do, and we will then listen or hear or learn."
Finally, most interestingly: When Moshe asks Pharaoh for permission to leave for three days to worship our God, Moshe says that everyone must come: the old people, the young people, both the sons and the daughters. Moshe understood that both daughters and sons, women and men, are crucial in God's worship.
As we continue to wrestle with Moshe's duality in terms of his being both a quintessential Egyptian and a quintessential Jew, let us ask: Did Moshe learn that women were crucial for worship from the fact that women were priestesses in Egypt and that many of Egypt's multiple Gods were also Goddesses--or was Moshe prescient, did he understand that one day, Judaism would have women Torah and Talmud scholars, women rabbinic pleaders and kashrut supervisors, women-only davening groups and a Jewish society in which both women and men are viewed as important in a Shabbos service? I will leave you with this question...
* It should be noted that women in rabbinic roles as quoted by Ms. Chesler has come about with the establishment of "modern" streams of Judaism. Orthodox Judaism has retained separate rolls for men and women.
